- Has many definitions
- Sorrow from
- Heavy suffering
- Injustice
- Persecution
- Resentment
- Spite
- Rancor
- Regret
- Grief
- A feeling in your gut
- Resignation
- Bitter acceptance
- Grim determination to wait until vengeance can at last be achieved
- Is passive — it yearns for vengeance but does not seek it
- Based on Korean historical experience
- Oppression due to invasions
- Women and Han
- Domination of men over women
- Prohibition against remarriage
- Strict Confucian injunction to uphold virtue (especially chastity)
- Concubinage
- Oppression and disadvantages
- Causes women to be more malevolent in seeking revenge
- Manifested as female ghost stories